Texas Church Allegedly Violates Copyright Law with “Hamilton” Performance

Copyright News

When copyright infringement to intersects religious zeal, things get weird fast. In 2014, the Westboro Baptists performed, recorded, and distributed an anti-Semitic version of “Hey Jude” they cleverly called “Hey Jews,” and although no legal action was taken,[1] I thought it was a pretty good example as to why “remix culture” is not always a positive thing and why copyright owners may enforce their rights for reasons other than financial harm.

This week it was reported that The Door Christian Fellowship Ministries of McAllen, Texas not only performed and livestreamed the musical Hamilton without a license, but the organization also took the liberty of revising some of the show’s lyrics to convey various religious messages and then ended the performance with a sermon that seems to equate homosexuality with alcoholism and drug addiction.

Allegations of homophobia notwithstanding, the copyright infringement is clear, and it is unknown whether the owners of Hamilton will take legal action beyond the Cease & Desist notice sent to The Door McAllen. For copyright watchers who may ask whether the church is entitled a religious exemption under the law, the relevant part of the statue (Section 110) states that the following is not an infringement of copyright:

(3) performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or of a dramatico-musical work of a religious nature, or display of a work, in the course of ser­vices at a place of worship or other religious assembly.

So, this exemption does not apply. Hamilton is a Dramatic Musical Work and is not a work of a religious nature. A license to perform the show is required, whether in a church or anywhere else, and changing the expressive elements of the work can only be done by permission of the copyright owner(s). Also, it is notable that Door McAllen is not some small-town church hosting bake sales to fix its roof before Winter. It appears to be one of many God, Inc. enterprises with satellites around the world, a substantial media/entertainment production capacity, and a slick website.

If the owners of Hamilton choose to take further legal action, Door McAllen does not have a reasonable defense as a matter of law, but given the climate in which we live, legal merit would not necessarily stop a potential litigation from becoming a PR circus. Because the statutory exemption under Section 110 does not apply, Door McAllen would presumably assert a fair use defense, claiming that its changes to the Hamilton book were “transformative” under factor one. This defense would, naturally, be entangled with strenuous appeals to the speech and religious exercise rights under the First Amendment, which just might confound at least a district court.

I know I’m speculating here, which my attorney friends would never do, but Door McAllen has already infringed the copyright rights attached to one of the most famous works in the world, and it is too sophisticated an organization to claim ignorance about the nature of its conduct. Further, Hollywood Reporter writes that pastor Roman Gutierrez, in addition to stating that the church is “not anti-LGBTQ,” did falsely claim that license was obtained to perform the show. At the very least, this implies that the church was aware that a license is required, and according to a spokesman for Hamilton, the producers “[do] not grant amateur or professional licenses for any stage productions and did not grant one to The Door Church.” 

We don’t know what, if anything, will happen next, but The Door McAllen already reveals certain behaviors we have seen in other parties who willfully infringe copyrighted works, and given the way “religious exercise” warps the principles of law for many folks (and judges), this may not be over. Wouldn’t that be a show? A constitutional demolition derby involving the biography of a constitutional framer. Sounds about right these days.


[1] Though at some point, the video was removed from YouTube.

Creators, Don’t Get Fooled Again

Photo by alexskopje Pond5.
Photo by alexskopje Pond5.

In the current political climate, I imagine many artists, authors, and journalists will continue to speak up about a wide range of civil rights.  While they’re at it, they should not forget their own rights.

For five years now, I’ve written in defense of copyright as a civil liberty—as a property right, a labor right, and a force for strengthening the First Amendment despite the skeptics who insist the opposite is true. Because without in any way imagining what American creative output would become, the Framers did an interesting thing when they gave Congress the constitutional authority to write intellectual property laws.

As students of the Enlightenment, the Founders knew that the United States, with its population of three-million mostly agrarian citizens, was never going to be a mature country without investing in art and science.  They also knew that the young war-weary nation could not afford a national endowment for such luxuries; and at the same time, they were naturally wary of European models in which both the sciences and the arts were funded and directed either by the state or the nobility (See Article 1, Section 9 on the no nobility thing).

The intellectual property clause of the Constitution was an expression of both practicality and principle.  Creating an incentive for the author or inventor to make his own investment in his work reflected—in my view—the best intentions of the Framers to ennoble the individual, hoping that doing so would enrich the nation overall.  By the mid 20th century, the theory proved itself with the U.S. leading the world in the output of creative works. But intertwined with the commerce came the diverse range of expression that became the quintessentially American voice—and that voice was unavoidably political. A half century before women could vote, the suffragette and abolitionist Louisa May Alcott was one of the first truly American authors whose writing saved her family from economic ruin because one right she did have was the ability to register a copyright.

Fast forward to current events and the general reaction to the president-elect’s “demand” for an apology from the cast of Hamilton.  Sure, that was probably a bit of tactical diversion, which spawned mostly satirical responses wanting to remind the  Trump team what the First Amendment says, but the important piece of the story is Hamilton itself.  Because copyright gave Lin-Manuel Miranda an incentive to invest his sweat equity in creating the show, that became the basis for the risky investments which produced the hit which provided a platform for a company of artists to speak to an elected official about matter of concern.

In part, what’s being communicated is that the financial success of the artists reflects political power (i.e. that there is a large population which supports both message and messenger).  And artists should not lose sight of the underlying rights that give them that economic, and therefore political, voice. Or to take a different macro view, the platform Twitter, which enabled Trump’s provocation and much of the response, could still fail as a business, while theater has a pretty good track record.

Regardless of one’s policy views or party affiliations, it seems clear that the magnetic poles are shifting with regard to both tone and agenda in American politics. And because many artists are moved to respond to social conditions, we are likely to see quite a few speak out in defense of civil liberties they fear may be threatened in the current environment.  This will surely include threats—perceived or real—to the sanctity of the internet as the bulwark against encroachments on the First Amendment.  This is not a new theme, and it is one that has been exploited to great effect by the internet industry as an excuse to attack legislative measures to enforce copyrights online and/or voluntary measures to achieve that goal.

The sound of the rhetoric may change somewhat in the coming months.  If one was inclined to believe that copyright enforcement would harm free speech before, one may be twice as likely to believe that message in an increasingly anxious climate.  But it still won’t be true. If there are indeed new First Amendment infringements to come, they won’t be grounded in copyright policy.  To the contrary, no matter who occupies the Oval Office, or how cybersecurity practices evolve, the fact remains that a failure to effectively protect and respect creators’ rights online only disenfranchises the professionals whose voices have always been essential to democratic principles.

In his Friday’s Endnotes for his blog Copyhype, Terry Hart cites an appropriate quote by Lyndon Johnson from the dedication of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on December 2, 1964:

Our civilization, too, will largely survive in the works of our creation. There is a quality in art which speaks across the gulf dividing man from man and nation from nation, and century from century. That quality confirms the faith that our common hopes may be more enduring than our conflicting hostilities.